<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Be careful, it’s more expensive than you might think, whether you sell the shares or buy puts.” data-reactid=”23″>Be careful, it’s more expensive than you might think, whether you sell the shares or buy puts.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Beyond Meat is booming, up 300% since its recent IPO.” data-reactid=”24″>Beyond Meat is booming, up 300% since its recent IPO.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Though strong investor demand for shares in the booming plant-based protein industry is certainly part of the reason for the incredible rally, a more likely cause is specific market mechanics regarding short sales.” data-reactid=”25″>Though strong investor demand for shares in the booming plant-based protein industry is certainly part of the reason for the incredible rally, a more likely cause is specific market mechanics regarding short sales.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="The options markets give us some insight into the main reason for the unprecedented rally and rapid price movement in the stock recently.” data-reactid=”26″>The options markets give us some insight into the main reason for the unprecedented rally and rapid price movement in the stock recently.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="First we have to revisit the concept of call-put parity.” data-reactid=”27″>First we have to revisit the concept of call-put parity.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="There’s also a more thorough discussion of the concept here>>” data-reactid=”28″>There’s also a more thorough discussion of the concept here>>
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="You’ll recall that the price of a call, minus the price of a put with the same strike and expiration date, plus the strike price must equal the future price of the stock. The future price is defined as the current price plus the cost of carrying the stock to expiration, minus any dividends paid during that period.” data-reactid=”29″>You’ll recall that the price of a call, minus the price of a put with the same strike and expiration date, plus the strike price must equal the future price of the stock. The future price is defined as the current price plus the cost of carrying the stock to expiration, minus any dividends paid during that period.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="The equation assumes that we can borrow money (to buy stock) or lend money (to earn interest on the proceeds of stock sold short) at a single interest rate, which is not exactly true, but it’s close enough for this example.” data-reactid=”30″>The equation assumes that we can borrow money (to buy stock) or lend money (to earn interest on the proceeds of stock sold short) at a single interest rate, which is not exactly true, but it’s close enough for this example.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="C – P + K = F” data-reactid=”31″>C – P + K = F
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="If the market prices violate call-put parity, a trader could buy the call, sell the put and sell the stock, (or do the opposite of all three trades if the mispricing is in the opposite direction), then simply hold all three positions to expiration and lock in a risk-free profit.” data-reactid=”32″>If the market prices violate call-put parity, a trader could buy the call, sell the put and sell the stock, (or do the opposite of all three trades if the mispricing is in the opposite direction), then simply hold all three positions to expiration and lock in a risk-free profit.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Because of the obvious appeal of arbitrage profits, mispricings like this happen very rarely and don’t last long.” data-reactid=”33″>Because of the obvious appeal of arbitrage profits, mispricings like this happen very rarely and don’t last long.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Let’s take a look at a deep, liquid stock like Microsoft (MSFT) and the market prices of relevant options just before the close of trading on Thursday:” data-reactid=”34″>Let’s take a look at a deep, liquid stock like Microsoft (MSFT) and the market prices of relevant options just before the close of trading on Thursday:
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Stock price: 127.35” data-reactid=”35″>Stock price: 127.35
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Options:” data-reactid=”36″>Options:
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content=" Bid Ask” data-reactid=”37″> Bid Ask
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="JAN 125 Call $10.85 $10.95” data-reactid=”38″>JAN 125 Call $10.85 $10.95
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="JAN 125 Put $7.90 $8.00” data-reactid=”39″>JAN 125 Put $7.90 $8.00
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Using the midpoints of the option bid-ask spread and plugging them into the call-put parity equation, we get:” data-reactid=”41″>Using the midpoints of the option bid-ask spread and plugging them into the call-put parity equation, we get:
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="10.90-7.95 + 125 = future price” data-reactid=”42″>10.90-7.95 + 125 = future price
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content=" 127.95 = future price” data-reactid=”43″> 127.95 = future price
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="That would imply a time premium of $0.60 on top of the current stock price to arrive at the future price, which implies an interest rate of 1.9% annually – a thoroughly reasonable number given where short term interest rates currently are.” data-reactid=”44″>That would imply a time premium of $0.60 on top of the current stock price to arrive at the future price, which implies an interest rate of 1.9% annually – a thoroughly reasonable number given where short term interest rates currently are.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Since MSFT will pay $0.92 in dividends before the options expire:” data-reactid=”45″>Since MSFT will pay $0.92 in dividends before the options expire:
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Microsoft stock price * (days to expiration/days in year) * interest rate – dividends = cost of carry.” data-reactid=”46″>Microsoft stock price * (days to expiration/days in year) * interest rate – dividends = cost of carry.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="127.35 * (225/365) * 0.019 – 0.92 = 0.60” data-reactid=”47″>127.35 * (225/365) * 0.019 – 0.92 = 0.60
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="So in the case of MSFT, arbitrage free call-put pricing is evident, just as we would expect.” data-reactid=”48″>So in the case of MSFT, arbitrage free call-put pricing is evident, just as we would expect.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Now let’s take a look at BYND option prices today.” data-reactid=”49″>Now let’s take a look at BYND option prices today.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Stock price: $99.85” data-reactid=”50″>Stock price: $99.85
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Options:” data-reactid=”51″>Options:
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content=" Bid Ask” data-reactid=”52″> Bid Ask
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="JAN 95 Put $35.10 $35.80” data-reactid=”58″>JAN 95 Put $35.10 $35.80
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="BYND does not pay dividends, so we can leave that part out.” data-reactid=”59″>BYND does not pay dividends, so we can leave that part out.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Again using the midpoints of the option bid-ask spread and plugging them into the call-put parity equation, we get:” data-reactid=”60″>Again using the midpoints of the option bid-ask spread and plugging them into the call-put parity equation, we get:
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="16.55 – 35.45 + 95 = future price” data-reactid=”61″>16.55 – 35.45 + 95 = future price
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="$76.10 = future price” data-reactid=”62″>$76.10 = future price
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="In this case, the futures premium seems to be negative $23.75. Assuming an interest rate of 1.9%, a trader could buy the call, sell the put, sell the stock and collect $23.75, then simply wait for expiration to buy the stock at $95 and keep the $23.75 (plus $0.27 in interest) as risk free profit, right?” data-reactid=”63″>In this case, the futures premium seems to be negative $23.75. Assuming an interest rate of 1.9%, a trader could buy the call, sell the put, sell the stock and collect $23.75, then simply wait for expiration to buy the stock at $95 and keep the $23.75 (plus $0.27 in interest) as risk free profit, right?
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Wrong.” data-reactid=”64″>Wrong.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="In illiquid stocks that have a high percentage of short interest, clearing firms and prime brokers often charge customers on a percentage basis to find shares that can be borrowed and sold short. In the case of Beyond Meat, that percentage is now between 75% and 100% annually. ” data-reactid=”65″>In illiquid stocks that have a high percentage of short interest, clearing firms and prime brokers often charge customers on a percentage basis to find shares that can be borrowed and sold short. In the case of Beyond Meat, that percentage is now between 75% and 100% annually.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="With relatively few shares outstanding and huge demand in short selling this high flying and – by many measures – massively overvalued stock, there are almost no shares available to borrow and sell.” data-reactid=”66″>With relatively few shares outstanding and huge demand in short selling this high flying and – by many measures – massively overvalued stock, there are almost no shares available to borrow and sell.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Those who are short BYND have to find a price at which someone who already owns the stock wants to part with it. Those who are lucky enough to be long can simply sit on their hands and wait for higher prices, safe in the knowledge that the market is full of desperate buyers and a relative scarcity of sellers – because initiating a new short position is difficult if not impossible.” data-reactid=”67″>Those who are short BYND have to find a price at which someone who already owns the stock wants to part with it. Those who are lucky enough to be long can simply sit on their hands and wait for higher prices, safe in the knowledge that the market is full of desperate buyers and a relative scarcity of sellers – because initiating a new short position is difficult if not impossible.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="It will likely take some time for the markets to sort out the inefficiencies and BYND will remain volatile until that happens. Eventually, those with losses will cover their positions and lick their wounds and those with profits will find it irresistible not to lock them in and will close up and go on vacation. When that finally happens however is anyone’s guess.” data-reactid=”68″>It will likely take some time for the markets to sort out the inefficiencies and BYND will remain volatile until that happens. Eventually, those with losses will cover their positions and lick their wounds and those with profits will find it irresistible not to lock them in and will close up and go on vacation. When that finally happens however is anyone’s guess.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Trading Application” data-reactid=”69″>Trading Application
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="The above was mostly an explanation of what’s happening in BYND stock and options rather than specific trading ideas, but it does present an important insight into trading stocks that become hard to borrow during a short squeeze.” data-reactid=”70″>The above was mostly an explanation of what’s happening in BYND stock and options rather than specific trading ideas, but it does present an important insight into trading stocks that become hard to borrow during a short squeeze.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Let’s say that for whatever reason, you want to buy BYND stock right now. Maybe you’ve decided that it’s going up from here and want to be long (be careful) or you’re already short the stock and want the pain to end (sorry), buying shares in the open market is a terrible idea. Because of the negative premium on the future price that we described above, you can buy it much cheaper using options.” data-reactid=”71″>Let’s say that for whatever reason, you want to buy BYND stock right now. Maybe you’ve decided that it’s going up from here and want to be long (be careful) or you’re already short the stock and want the pain to end (sorry), buying shares in the open market is a terrible idea. Because of the negative premium on the future price that we described above, you can buy it much cheaper using options.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="If you buy the JAN 95 call for $16.55 and sell the JAN 95 put at $35.45, when the options expire, you will definitely buy the stock for $95/share. Either the call you own will be in the money and you’ll exercise it, or the put you’re short will be in the money and it will be assigned to you, but either way, you’re buying shares for $95, but minus the $18.90 you collected on the options spread. Your net price will be $76.10” data-reactid=”72″>If you buy the JAN 95 call for $16.55 and sell the JAN 95 put at $35.45, when the options expire, you will definitely buy the stock for $95/share. Either the call you own will be in the money and you’ll exercise it, or the put you’re short will be in the money and it will be assigned to you, but either way, you’re buying shares for $95, but minus the $18.90 you collected on the options spread. Your net price will be $76.10
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Keep in mind that if you were to open a long position in this manner, you wouldn’t be able to close it and keep that $18.90 until after expiration. If you’re closing a short position, it’s a no-brainer.” data-reactid=”73″>Keep in mind that if you were to open a long position in this manner, you wouldn’t be able to close it and keep that $18.90 until after expiration. If you’re closing a short position, it’s a no-brainer.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Even many professional traders don’t understand this concept. Certainly anyone who’s covering a short position in the open market is giving away cash. Especially when things get weird, there’s often a way to use options to make better trades.” data-reactid=”74″>Even many professional traders don’t understand this concept. Certainly anyone who’s covering a short position in the open market is giving away cash. Especially when things get weird, there’s often a way to use options to make better trades.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="It also means that buying those 95 puts is not a cheap or easy way to get short. Because of the negative interest rate, the stock would have to decline 35% before you see the first cent of profit.” data-reactid=”75″>It also means that buying those 95 puts is not a cheap or easy way to get short. Because of the negative interest rate, the stock would have to decline 35% before you see the first cent of profit.
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="Today’s Stocks from Zacks’ Hottest Strategies It’s hard to believe, even for us at Zacks. But while the market gained +21.9% in 2017, our top stock-picking screens have returned +115.0%, +109.3%, +104.9%, +98.6%, and +67.1%. And this outperformance has not just been a recent phenomenon. Over the years it has been remarkably consistent. From 2000 – 2017, the composite yearly average gain for these strategies has beaten the market more than 19X over. Maybe even more remarkable is the fact that we’re willing to share their latest stocks with you without cost or obligation. See Them Free>>” data-reactid=”76″>Today’s Stocks from Zacks’ Hottest Strategies It’s hard to believe, even for us at Zacks. But while the market gained +21.9% in 2017, our top stock-picking screens have returned +115.0%, +109.3%, +104.9%, +98.6%, and +67.1%. And this outperformance has not just been a recent phenomenon. Over the years it has been remarkably consistent. From 2000 – 2017, the composite yearly average gain for these strategies has beaten the market more than 19X over. Maybe even more remarkable is the fact that we’re willing to share their latest stocks with you without cost or obligation. See Them Free>>
<p class="canvas-atom canvas-text Mb(1.0em) Mb(0)–sm Mt(0.8em)–sm" type="text" content="
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